Cement Manufacturers Association (CMA)

50 Parameter India Global Leaders Gap Factor Electric haul trucks in operation ~200 (CIL; target 681) Thousands deployed 10–20× Charging stations at mine sites Negligible (<10 sites) Comprehensive at major mines Very large Battery cell localisation <10% domestic content 30–60% in leading markets Large OEM electric platforms available 1–2 platforms (Komatsu India) 10+ commercial platforms Large Mine-specific EV policy None (as of 2025) State/provincial mandates Critical Field TCO validation data Demo vehicles only 5–7 years proven data Large EV bank financing maturity Banks hesitant Established green financing Large Table 9: Quantitative Adoption Gap – India vs. Global Leaders (2025) 9.2 Lessons fromGlobal Leaders Three cross-cutting lessons from Australia, Chile, and Canada are particularly pertinent to India's transition design. • Regulatory certainty drives OEM investment: Provincial underground EV mandates in Canada (British Columbia, Ontario) accelerated OEM platform development by creating guaranteed future demand. India's absence of such signals has delayed adaptation of international platforms to Indian conditions. • Blended finance is essential at transition stage: None of the leading jurisdictions achieved initial scale through commercial markets alone. Government-backed first-loss guarantees, tax credits, and direct subsidies were deployed in the pre-commercial phase. • Field data is the key unlock for commercial financing: Australian and Canadian banks financing mining EVs do so on the basis of 5–7 years of operational performance data from comparable fleets. India's pilot programmes must be designed with data disclosure as a primary objective, not an afterthought. 10. Discussion 10.1 Realistic Assessment of Adoption Timeline An honest assessment of the evidence base leads the authors to conclude that mass EV adoption in Indian mining will be gradual rather than rapid. The sector faces a trifecta of interacting barriers—economic, infrastructural, and institutional—none of which is individually decisive but whose combination creates significant inertia. The analogy with Indian EV adoption in passenger vehicles is instructive: despite aggressive policy support since 2019, EV penetration in two- and three-wheelers (where TCO is clearly favourable) reached only 8–10% of new registrations by 2025. Mining equipment transitions will be slower still, given higher capital values, longer replacement cycles (10–15 years), and the absence of consumer sentiment as a driver.