Cement Manufacturers Association (CMA)

45 The TCO analysis reveals a nuanced picture: while BETs achieve meaningful cost advantages at current battery prices for captive, high- utilisation 25-tonne operations, the case weakens for larger, lower- utilisation fleets. The critical threshold is battery cost below USD 90/kWh, which current lithium-iron- phosphate (LFP) market trends suggest may be achievable by 2027–2028, subject to global supply chain dynamics. 6. Bottlenecks and Challenges in EV Adoption 6.1 Primary Bottlenecks – Severity Assessment A structured severity assessment of adoption barriers—drawing on industry consultation, regulatory filings, and peer-reviewed literature—identifies eight primary bottlenecks (Figure 4). Three are classified as 'Critical' (severity score ≥ 9.0 on a 10-point scale) and five as 'High' (8.0–8.9). Figure 4: Key Bottlenecks in Indian Mining EV Adoption – Expert Severity Assessment (scale 1–10). Scores derived from industry survey synthesis and policy analysis. High Upfront Cost (2–2.5× diesel) Battery Cost (~110/kWh; need < 90) Charging Infrastructure Gap Import Dependency (cells, BMS) Bank Financing Hesitancy End-User Price Resistance Localization Gap (core components) No Proven Resale/Second-Life Market 9.5 9.2 9.0 8.5 8.2 7.5 7.8 0 2 4 6 8 10 Severity Score (out of 10) Critical (≥9.0) High (8.0–8.9) Moderate (<8.0)